Biochemistry Questions Biochemistry Questions / Pharmacology

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Analyse the relationship between body fat percentage and drug distribution in the body.
Analyse the TGN1412 clinical trial incident and its impact on the safety of biological drug trials.
Compare and contrast in vitro testing with in vivo testing in the context of receptor occupancy.
Compare and contrast the first generation and second generation antipsychotic drugs.
Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of methotrexate and sulfasalazine as DMARDs for rheumatoid arthritis.
Compare and contrast the modulation of GABA_A receptors by benzodiazepines and barbiturates.
Compare and contrast the properties of full agonists and partial agonists.
Describe the animal models used to study depression and their relevance in assessing the efficacy of antidepressant drugs.
Describe the different phases of clinical research in drug development and their respective purposes.
Describe the kindling model of epilepsy and how it is used in research.
Describe the mechanisms of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the reasons for their slow onset of efficacy.
Describe the role of GABA in the treatment of anxiety and the pharmacology of GABA_A receptors.
Discuss the challenges of animal toxicology in the development of biopharmaceuticals and propose alternative methods for testing.
Discuss the concept of desensitisation and its impact on drug addiction.
Discuss the concept of receptor reserve and its impact on agonist binding.
Discuss the differences between unipolar depression and bipolar disorder, including their genetic components and brain regions affected.
Discuss the different classes of anxiety disorders and the specific treatments for each.
Discuss the different types of COX enzymes and their role in the production of inflammatory mediators.
Discuss the factors that affect drug absorption through lipid membranes. How does lipid solubility impact pharmacokinetics?
Discuss the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of schizophrenia.
Discuss the historical significance of opiates as some of the oldest known drugs from plant sources.
Discuss the implications of drug competition for plasma protein binding in patients taking multiple medications.
Discuss the importance of preclinical development in determining the safety and toxicity of a potential drug.
Discuss the importance of receptors as protein targets of drugs and how they can be manipulated by agonists and antagonists.
Discuss the physiological effects of benzodiazepine agonists and their therapeutic uses.
Discuss the potential side effects of NSAIDs on the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys.
Discuss the role of ion channels in the development of epilepsy.
Discuss the role of monoamines in depression and how they are targeted by different categories of antidepressant drugs.
Discuss the role of the blood-brain barrier in limiting drug distribution to the central nervous system.
Evaluate the role of immunotherapies, such as check-point inhibitors and CAR-T therapy, in the treatment of cancer.
Examine the concept of immunotoxicology and its implications in drug development.
Examine the controversy surrounding the drug VIOXX and its withdrawal from the market.
Examine the impact of protein binding on drug concentration and therapeutic effect.
Explain how amphetamines and cocaine affect dopamine and noradrenaline levels in the CNS.
Explain the concept of pharmacogenomics and its role in personalizing medicine for more effective treatment strategies.
Explain the concept of potency and how it is measured in relation to a standard drug.
Explain the concept of volume of distribution and how it influences drug distribution in the body.
Explain the diagnostic criteria for depression and the role of genetic risk in its development.
Explain the difference between a partial seizure and a generalised seizure.
Explain the different pathways of dopamine and their functions in the brain.
Explain the increasing complexity of biological molecules and provide examples of different forms of biologics.
Explain the major side effects associated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and the potential risks of combining them with certain foods.
Explain the mechanism of action of aspirin as an anti-inflammatory drug and how it differs from other NSAIDs.
Explain the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines as antiepileptic drugs.
Explain the pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines and the potential side effects of their use.
Explain the process of canonical signalling by GPCRs and how it leads to downstream effector molecule interaction.
Explain the process of injecting a virus into the brain to control epilepsy in animal models.
Explain the process of target selection in drug discovery and the importance of finding the correct receptor, enzyme, or transport protein.
Explain the relationship between drug affinity for receptors and the dose required to obtain 50% occupancy of receptors.
Explain the relationship between drug affinity for receptors and the dose required to obtain 50% occupancy of receptors.
Explain the role of cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of asthma and how they contribute to the late phase response.
Explain the role of enzymes in pharmacology and how inhibitors and prodrugs can affect drug activity.
Explain the role of inflammatory mediators in the degradation of joints in rheumatoid arthritis.
Explain the significance of post-market surveillance in ensuring drug safety and detecting rare or long-term side effects.
Explain the use of animal models in studying anxiety and how behavioural experiments can elicit fear responses.